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1 gender
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2 gender and drug abuse
Stups. dimension féminine de la toxicomanieEnglish-French dictionary of law, politics, economics & finance > gender and drug abuse
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3 gender
['‹endə](any of a number of classes into which nouns and pronouns can be divided (eg masculine, feminine, neuter).) genre -
4 Usage note : all
When all is used to mean everything, it is translated by tout:is that all?= c’est tout?all is well= tout va bienWhen all is followed by a that clause, all that is translated by tout ce qui when it is the subject of the verb and tout ce que when it is the object:all that remains to be done= tout ce qui reste à fairethat was all (that) he said= c’est tout ce qu’il a ditafter all (that) we’ve done= après tout ce que nous avons faitwe’re doing all (that) we can= nous faisons tout ce que nous pouvonsall that you need= tout ce dont tu as besoinWhen all is used to refer to a specified group of people or objects, the translation reflects the number and gender of the people or objects referred to ; tous is used for a group of people or objects of masculine or mixed or unspecified gender and toutes for a group of feminine gender:we were all delighted= nous étions tous ravis‘where are the cups?’ ‘they’re all in the kitchen’= ‘où sont les tasses?’ ‘elles sont toutes dans la cuisine’For more examples and particular usages see the entry all.As a determinerIn French, determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they precede. So all is translated by tout + masculine singular noun:all the time= tout le tempsby toute + feminine singular noun:all the family= toute la familleby tous + masculine or mixed gender plural noun:all men= tous les hommesall the books= tous les livresand by toutes + feminine plural noun:all women= toutes les femmesall the chairs= toutes les chaisesFor more examples and particular usages see the entry all.As an adverbmy coat’s all dirty= mon manteau est tout salehe was all alone= il était tout seulthey were all alone= ils étaient tout seulsthe girls were all excited= les filles étaient tout excitéesHowever, when the adjective that follows is in the feminine and begins with a consonant the translation is toute/toutes:she was all alone= elle était toute seulethe bill is all wrong= la facture est toute faussethe girls were all alone= les filles étaient toutes seulesFor more examples and particular usages see the entry all. -
5 Usage note : them
When used as a direct object pronoun, referring to people, animals or things, them is translated by les:I know them= je les connaisNote that the object pronoun normallycomes before the verb in French and that in compound tenses like the present perfect and past perfect, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the direct object pronoun:He’s seen them( them being masculine or of mixed gender)= il les a vus( them being all feminine gender)= il les a vuesIn imperatives, the direct object pronoun is translated by les and comes after the verb:catch them!= attrape-les! (note the hyphen)I gave them it or I gave it to them= je le leur ai donnéIn imperatives, the indirect object pronoun is translated by leur and comes after the verb:phone them!= téléphone-leur! (note the hyphen)After prepositions and the verb to be, the translation is eux for masculine or mixed gender and elles for feminine gender:he did it for them= il l’a fait pour eux or pour ellesit’s them= ce sont eux or ce sont ellesFor particular usages see the entry them. -
6 themselves
themselves [ðəmˈselvz]* * *[ðəm'selvz]Note: When used as a reflexive pronoun, direct and indirect, themselves is translated by se (or s' before a vowel or mute h)When used as an emphatic the translation is eux-mêmes in the masculine and elles-mêmes in the feminine: they did it themselves = ils l'ont fait eux-mêmes or elles l'ont fait elles-mêmesAfter a preposition the translation is eux or elles or eux-mêmes or elles-mêmes: they bought the painting for themselves = ( masculine or mixed gender) ils ont acheté le tableau pour eux or pour eux-mêmes; ( feminine gender) elles ont acheté le tableau pour elles or pour elles-mêmes1) ( reflexive) se/s'2) ( emphatic) eux-mêmes/elles-mêmes3) ( after preposition) eux/elles, eux-mêmes/elles-mêmes(all) by themselves — tous seuls/toutes seules
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7 themselves
❢ When used as a reflexive pronoun, direct and indirect, themselves is translated by se (or s' before a vowel or mute h). When used as an emphatic the translation is eux-mêmes in the masculine and elles-mêmes in the feminine: they did it themselves = ils l'ont fait eux-mêmes or elles l'ont fait elles-mêmes. After a preposition the translation is eux or elles or eux-mêmes or elles-mêmes: they bought the painting for themselves = ( masculine or mixed gender) ils ont acheté le tableau pour eux or pour eux-mêmes ; ( feminine gender) elles ont acheté le tableau pour elles or pour elles-mêmes. pron1 ( refl) se/s' ;2 ( emphatic) eux-mêmes/elles-mêmes ;3 ( after prep) eux/elles, eux-mêmes/elles-mêmes ; (all) by themselves tous seuls/toutes seules. -
8 Oceans and seas
Note that the words océan and mer do not have capitals in French.the Atlantic Ocean= l’océan Atlantiquethe Pacific Ocean= l’océan Pacifiquethe Indian Ocean= l’océan Indienthe Caspian Sea= la mer Caspiennethe Baltic Sea= la mer BaltiqueAs in English, French often drops the words océan or mer. When this happens, oceans have masculine gender (from the masculine word océan) and seas have feminine gender (from the feminine mer):the Pacific= le Pacifiquethe Baltic= la Baltiquebutthe Aegean= la mer ÉgéeIf in doubt, look up the name in the dictionary.Use with other nounsHere are some useful patterns, using Pacifique as a typical name:the Pacific coast= la côte du Pacifiquea Pacific crossing= une traversée du Pacifiquea Pacific cruise= une croisière dans le PacifiquePacific currents= les courants du PacifiquePacific fish= les poissons du Pacifiquethe Pacific islands= les îles du Pacifique -
9 Usage note : that
In French, determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they precede ; that is translated by ce + masculine singular noun ( ce monsieur), cet + masculine singular noun beginning with a vowel or mute ‘h’ ( cet homme) and cette + feminine singular noun ( cette femme) ; those is translated by ces.Note, however, that the above translations are also used for the English this (plural these). So when it is necessary to insist on that as opposed to another or others of the same sort, the adverbial tag -là is added to the noun:I prefer THAT version= je préfère cette version-làFor particular usages, see the entry that.As a pronoun meaning that one, those onesIn French, pronouns reflect the gender and number of the noun they are referring to. So that is translated by celui-là for a masculine noun, celle-là for a feminine noun and those is translated by ceux-là for a masculine noun and celles-là for a feminine noun:I think I like that one (dress) best= je crois que je préfère celle-làFor other uses of that, those as pronouns (e.g. who’s that?) and for adverbial use (e.g. that much, that many) there is no straightforward translation, so see the entry that for examples of usage.When used as a relative pronoun, that is translated by qui when it is the subject of the verb and by que when it is the object:the man that stole the car= l’homme qui a volé la voiturethe film that I saw= le film que j’ai vuRemember that in the present perfect and past perfect tenses, the past participle will agreewith the noun to which que as object refers:the apples that I bought= les pommes que j’ai achetéesWhen that is used as a relative pronoun with a preposition, it is translated by lequel when standing for a masculine singular noun, by laquelle when standing for a feminine singular noun, by lesquels when standing for a masculine plural noun and by lesquelles when standing for a feminine plural noun:the chair that I was sitting on= la chaise sur laquelle j’étais assisethe children that I bought the books for= les enfants pour lesquels j’ai acheté les livresRemember that in cases where the English preposition used would normally be translated by à in French (e.g. to, at), the translation of the whole (prep + rel pron) will be auquel, à laquelle, auxquels, auxquelles:the girls that I was talking to= les filles auxquelles je parlaisSimilarly, where the English preposition used would normally be translated by de in French (e.g. of, from), the translation of the whole (prep + rel pron) will be dont in all cases:the Frenchman that I received a letter from= le Français dont j’ai reçu une lettreWhen used as a conjunction, that can almost always be translated by que (qu’ before a vowel or mute ‘h’):she said that she would do it= elle a dit qu’elle le ferait -
10 Usage note : the
In French, determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they precede ; the is translated by le + masculine singular noun ( le chien), by la + feminine singular noun ( la chaise), by l’ + masculine or feminine singular noun beginning with a vowel or mute ‘h’ (l’auteur, l’homme, l’absence, l’histoire) and by les + plural noun (les hommes, les femmes).When the is used after a preposition in English, the two words (prep + the) are often translated by one word in French. If the preposition would normally be translated by de in French (of, about, from etc.) the prep + the is translated by du + masculine noun ( du chien), by de la + feminine noun ( de la femme), by de l’ + singular noun beginning with a vowel or mute ‘h ’ (de l’auteur, de l’histoire) and by des + plural noun (des hommes, des femmes). If the preposition would usually be translated by à (at, to etc.) the prep + the is translated according to the number and gender of the noun, by au ( au chien), à la ( à la femme), à l’ (à l’enfant), aux (aux hommes, aux femmes).Other than this, there are few problems in translating the into French.The following cases are, however, worth remembering as not following exactly the pattern of the English:the good, the poor etc.= les bons, les pauvres etc.Charles the First, Elizabeth the Second etc.= Charles Premier, Elizabeth Deux etc.she’s THE violinist of the century= c’est LA violoniste du siècle or c’est la plus grande violoniste du sièclethe Tudors, the Batemans etc.= les Tudor, les Bateman etc.For expressions such as the more, the better, see the entry the.This dictionary contains usage notes on such topics as weight measurement, days of the week, rivers, illnesses, aches and pains, the human body, and musical instruments, many of which use the. -
11 Usage note : this
In French, determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they precede ; this (plural these) is translated by ce + masculine singular noun ( ce monsieur) BUT by cet + masculine singular noun beginning with a vowel or mute ‘h’ (cet arbre, cet homme), by cette + feminine singular noun ( cette femme) and by ces + plural noun (ces livres, ces histoires).Note, however, that the above translations are also used for the English that (plural those). So when it is necessary to insist on this as opposed to another or others of the same sort, the adverbial tag -ci, giving the idea of this one here, is added to the noun:I prefer THIS version= je préfère cette version-ciFor particular usages see the entry this.This dictionary contains usage notes on such topics as time units, days of the week and months of the year.As a pronoun meaning this oneIn French, pronouns reflect the gender and number of the noun they are referring to. So this is translated by celui-ci for a masculine noun, celle-ci for a feminine noun ; those is translated by ceux-ci for a masculine plural noun, celles-ci for a feminine plural noun:of all the dresses this is the prettiest one= de toutes les robes celle-ci est la plus jolieFor other uses of this used as a pronoun (who’s this?, this is my brother, this is wrong etc.) and for this used as an adverb ( it was this big etc.), see the entry this. -
12 his
his [hɪz]• my hands are clean, his are dirty mes mains sont propres, les siennes sont sales► of his* * *Note: In French determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they qualify. So his when used as a determiner is translated by son + masculine singular noun (son chien), by sa + feminine singular noun (sa maison) BUT by son + feminine noun beginning with a vowel or mute h (son assiette) and by ses + plural noun (ses enfants)In French possessive pronouns reflect the gender and number of the noun they are standing for. When used as a possessive pronoun his is translated by le sien, la sienne, les siens or les siennes according to what is being referred to[hɪz] 1.determiner son/sa/ses2.all the drawings were good but his was the best — tous les dessins étaient bons mais le sien était le meilleur
the blue car is his — la voiture bleue est la sienne, la voiture bleue est à lui
I'm a colleague of his — je suis un/-e de ses collègues
that dog of his — péj son sale chien (colloq)
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13 his
❢ In French determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they qualify. So his when used as a determiner is translated by son + masculine singular noun (son chien), by sa + feminine singular noun (sa maison) BUT by son + feminine noun beginning with a vowel or mute h (son assiette) and by ses + plural noun (ses enfants).When his is stressed, à lui is added after the noun: his house = sa maison à lui. For his used with parts of the body ⇒ The human body. In French possessive pronouns reflect the gender and number of the noun they are standing for. When used as a possessive pronoun his is translated by le sien, la sienne, les siens or les siennes according to what is being referred to. For examples and particular usages see the entry below.A det son/sa/ ses.B pron all the drawings were good but his was the best tous les dessins étaient bons mais le sien était le meilleur ; the blue car is his la voiture bleue est la sienne, la voiture bleue est à lui ; it's not his ce n'est pas à lui ; which house is his? sa maison c'est laquelle? ; I'm a colleague of his je suis un/-e de ses collègues ; I saw him with that dog of his péj je l'ai vu avec son sale chien ○ ; his was not an easy task fml sa tâche n'était pas facile ; the money was not his to give away il n'avait pas à donner cet argent. -
14 its
its [ɪts]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► its is translated by son, sa or ses, according to whether the noun it qualifies is masculine, feminine or plural. Note that son must also be used with feminine nouns beginning with a vowel or silent h.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━* * *[ɪts]Note: In French determiners agree in number and gender with the noun they qualify. its is translated by son + masculine noun: its nose = son nez; by sa + feminine noun: its tail = sa queue; BUT by son + feminine noun beginning with a vowel or mute h: its ear = son oreille; and by ses + plural noun: its ears = ses oreillesdeterminer son/sa/ses -
15 they
they [ðeɪ]• there they are! les voilà !• THEY know nothing about it eux, ils n'en savent rienb. ( = people in general) on• they say that... on dit que...• somebody called but they didn't give their name quelqu'un a appelé, mais il (or elle) n'a pas donné son nom* * *[ðeɪ]Note: they is translated by ils (masculine) or elles (feminine). For a group of people or things of mixed gender ils is always used. The emphatic form is eux (masculine) or elles (feminine). For examples and exceptions, see belowthey have already gone — ( masculine or mixed) ils sont déjà partis; ( feminine) elles sont déjà parties
they won't be there — ( masculine or mixed) ils ne seront pas là, eux; ( feminine) elles ne seront pas là, elles
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16 they
❢ They is translated by ils (masculine) or elles (feminine). For a group of people or things of mixed gender ils is always used. The emphatic form is eux (masculine) or elles (feminine). For examples and exceptions, see below. pron they have already gone ( masculine or mixed) ils sont déjà partis ; ( feminine) elles sont déjà parties ; here they are! les voici! ; there they are! les voilà! ; THEY won't be there eux, ils ne seront pas là, eux or elles ne seront pas là, elles ; she bought one but they didn't elle en a acheté un mais eux pas. -
17 US states
In some cases, there is a French form of the name, but not always (if in doubt, check in the dictionary). Each state has a gender in French and is used with the definite article, except after the preposition en, e.g.:Arkansas= l’Arkansas mCalifornia= la CalifornieTexas= le TexasSo:Arkansas is beautiful= l’Arkansas est beauI like California= j’aime la Californiedo you know Texas?= connaissez-vous le Texas?In, to and from somewherein Alaska= en Alaskato Alaska= en Alaskain California= en Californieto California= en Californiein Texas= au Texasto Texas= au TexasFor from use de for feminine states and for masculine ones beginning with a vowel, e.g.:from California= de Californiefrom Alaska= d’AlaskaFor from use du for masculine states beginning with a consonant, e.g.:from Texas= du TexasComing from somewhere: Uses with another nounThere are a few words e.g. californien, new-yorkais, texan used as adjectives and as nouns (with a capital letter) referring to the inhabitants. In other cases it is usually safe to use de for feminine states, and to use de l’ or du for masculine states, e.g.:the Florida countryside= les paysages de FlorideIllinois representatives= les représentants de l’Illinoisbuta Louisiana accent= l’accent de la LouisianeNew-Mexico roads= les routes du Nouveau-Mexique -
18 us
us [ʌs]• let's go! allons-y !• both of us tous (or toutes) les deux* * *[ʌs, əs]Note: The direct or indirect object pronoun us is always translated by nous: she knows us = elle nous connaît. Note that both the direct and the indirect object pronouns come before the verb in French and that in compound tenses like the present perfect and past perfect, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the direct object pronoun: he's seen us ( masculine or mixed gender object) il nous a vus; ( feminine object) il nous a vuesIn imperatives nous comes after the verb: tell us! = dis-nous!; give it to us or give us it = donne-le-nous (note the hyphens)After the verb to be and after prepositions the translation is also nous: it's us = c'est nousFor expressions with let us or let's see the entry letpronoun nousboth of us — tous/toutes les deux
every single one of us — chacun/-e d'entre nous
some of us — quelques uns/unes d'entre nous
give us a hand, will you? — (colloq) tu peux me donner un coup de main s'il te plaît?
give us a look! — (colloq) fais voir!
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19 us
us,❢ The direct or indirect object pronoun us is always translated by nous: she knows us = elle nous connaît. Note that both the direct and the indirect object pronouns come before the verb in French and that in compound tenses like the present perfect and past perfect, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the direct object pronoun: he's seen us ( masculine or mixed gender object) il nous a vus ; ( feminine object) il nous a vues.In imperatives nous comes after the verb: tell us! = dis-nous! ; give it to us or give us it = donne-le-nous (note the hyphens). After the verb to be and after prepositions the translation is also nous: it's us = c'est nous. For expressions with let us or let's see the entry let. For particular usages see the entry below. pron nous ; both of us tous/toutes les deux ; both of us like Balzac nous aimons Balzac tous/toutes les deux ; ( more informally) on aime Balzac tous/toutes les deux ; every single one of us chacun/-e d'entre nous ; people like us des gens comme nous ; some of us quelques-uns/-unes d'entre nous ; she's one of us elle est des nôtres ; give us a hand, will you ○ ? tu peux me donner un coup de main s'il te plaît? ; oh give us a break ○ ! fiche-moi la paix ○ ! ; give us a look ○ ! fais voir! -
20 my
my [maɪ]* * *Note: In French, determiners agree in gender and number with the noun that follows. So my is translated by mon + masculine singular noun (mon chien), ma + feminine singular noun (ma maison) BUT by mon + feminine noun beginning with a vowel or mute h (mon assiette) and by mes + plural noun (mes enfants)For my used with parts of the body see the usage note[maɪ] 1.1) gen mon/ma/mes2) ( used emphatically)2.
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